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Lead
Lead




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Pb Element

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

Pb

1.2 Group Number

14
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
0 17

1.3 Period Number

6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
2 7

1.4 Block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Post-​Transition

1.6 CAS Number

7439921
Rank: 86 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

2.3.2 Discovery

In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10-6 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000001 %
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

70% - Post Transition Metals Metals have it !

3.2.3 In Blood

0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

30.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

327.50 °C
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Francium Metal
27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,740.00 °C
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.50
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

38.00 MPa
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium Metal
121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,190.00 m/s
Rank: 52 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
58 97

4.7 Allotropes

20% - Post Transition Metals Metals have it !

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

Pb

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

35
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.87
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.29
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.55
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.41
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.85
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.67
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

715.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,450.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 43 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,081.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,083.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 35 (Overall)
Thorium Metal
2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,640.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium Metal
17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese Metal
41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron Metal
47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel Metal
58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper Metal
64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.87 g/amp-hr
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.25 eV
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

82
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

82
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

125
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

82
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

175.00 pm
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

146.00 pm
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

202.00 pm
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

207.20 amu
Rank: 30 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

18.17 cm3/mol
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

24.20 (-eV)
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Francium Metal
8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

495.08 pm
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.34 g/cm3
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.66 g/cm3
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

12.00 MPa
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Indium Metal
2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.64 (Pa)
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

5.60 GPa
Rank: 47 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

46.00 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

16.00 GPa
Rank: 48 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.44
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.35
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

208.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.05 106/cm Ω
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

35.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.65 J/mol·K
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

35.30 W/m·K
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

28.90 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

179.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 43 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.77 kJ/mol
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

194.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 45 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

64.80 J/mol.K
Rank: 17 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1