1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74407137439954
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
2.2 Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Joseph Black
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.07 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
-
It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-337.80 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.1,800.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
900.00 °C650.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C1,107.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol737.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol1,450.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol7,732.70 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol10,542.50 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA13,630.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA18,020.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA21,711.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA25,661.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA31,653.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA35,458.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA169,988.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA189,368.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr0.45 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
186.00 pm160.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
6.6 Atomic Weight
251.00 amu24.31 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
NA13.97 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)40.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
338.00 pm320.94 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm31.74 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.23 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA24.87 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA128.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA32.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1