Californium

Vanadium

Californium Vanadium Comparison

Californium

Vanadium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA5

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Actinide

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74407137440622

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Im_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00229.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.

2.2 Sources

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Andrés Manuel del Río

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1950

In 1801

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA1 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.00004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.01 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.02 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

900.00 °C1,890.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,470.00 °C3,380.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Blue-Silver Grey

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

3.006.70

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA600.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA628.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA4,560.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA61.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2022

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.63

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.39

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.45

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.53

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.37

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

608.00 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,206.00 kJ/mol1,414.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,267.00 kJ/mol2,830.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,599.00 kJ/mol4,507.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA6,298.70 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA12,363.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA14,530.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA16,730.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA19,860.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA22,240.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA24,670.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA29,730.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA32,446.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA86,450.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA94,170.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA102,300.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA112,700.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA121,600.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA130,700.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA143,400.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA151,440.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.12 g/amp-hr0.38 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA4.30 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

9823

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

[Ar] 3d³ 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

9823

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

15328

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

9823

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

186.00 pm134.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

NA153.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

251.00 amu50.94 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

NA8.78 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

44.50 (-eV)120.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

338.00 pm303.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

15.10 g/cm³6.00 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA5.50 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA800.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.23 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA47.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA160.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA128.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.37

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

15.105.96

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

NA197.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.05 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA50.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

NA0.49 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA24.89 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA30.70 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

NA8.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA458.60 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA17.57 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA514.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA28.90 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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