Californium

Europium

Californium vs Europium

Californium

Europium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NANA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Actinide

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

74407137440531

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Im_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00229.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

Not Available

2.2 Sources

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Eugène-Anatole Demarçay

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1950

In 1896

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA5 * 10^-8 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.00000005 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
It is used in low energy light bulbs.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Nuclear Research

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

900.00 °C822.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,470.00 °C1,597.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

3.00NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NANA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA167.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NANA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2031

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.20

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.01

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.20NA

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NANA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.70NA

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

608.00 kJ/mol547.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,206.00 kJ/mol1,085.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,267.00 kJ/mol2,404.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,599.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.12 g/amp-hr1.89 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA2.50 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

9863

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

[Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

9863

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

15389

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

9863

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

186.00 pm180.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

NA198.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA233.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

251.00 amu151.96 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

NA28.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

44.50 (-eV)45.60 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

338.00 pm458.10 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

15.10 g/cm³5.26 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA5.13 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA120.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA19.40 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA7.90 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA8.30 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA18.20 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.15

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

15.105.24

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

NA0.90 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.01 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

NA0.18 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA27.66 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA13.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

NA35.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA143.50 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA9.21 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA180.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA77.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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