1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
1.9 CAS Number
74407137440133
7429905
54386242
1.12 Space Group Name
1.13 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
- Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
3.2 Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
William Crookes
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.4.5 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.8 Abundance In Meteorites
3.6.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.9.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.9.4 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
NA
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.4.2 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
900.00 °C1,568.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C4,027.00 °C
147
5660
6.6 Appearance
6.6.1 Physical State
6.6.2 Color
6.6.3 Luster
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
6.8.1 Brinell Hardness
7.1.2 Vickers Hardness
7.2 Speed of Sound
7.4 Optical Properties
7.4.1 Refractive Index
7.4.4 Reflectivity
7.5 Allotropes
7.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.6.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.7 Electropositivity
8.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.10 Ionization Energies
8.10.1 1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.10.2 2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol1,128.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.10.5 3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol1,814.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.2.1 4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol2,991.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.2.3 5th Energy Level
9.3.1 6th Energy Level
9.5.1 7th Energy level
10.1.3 8th Energy Level
10.2.2 9th Energy Level
10.4.1 10th Energy Level
11.2.1 11th Energy Level
11.7.1 12th Energy Level
11.9.3 13th Energy Level
11.9.7 14th Energy Level
11.11.3 15th Energy Level
11.12.1 16th Energy Level
11.13.1 17th Energy Level
11.16.1 18th Energy Level
11.18.1 19th Energy Level
12.1.2 20th Energy Level
13.1.2 21st Energy Level
13.1.6 22nd Energy Level
13.2.1 23rd Energy Level
13.4.2 24th Energy Level
13.5.2 25th Energy Level
13.5.5 26th Energy Level
13.6.2 27th Energy Level
13.6.5 28th Energy Level
13.6.7 29th Energy Level
14.1.1 30th Energy Level
14.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr1.72 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
15.3 Electron Work Function
15.6 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
16 Atomic
16.1 Atomic Number
16.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
16.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
16.3.1 Crystal Lattice
16.4 Atom
16.4.1 Number of Protons
16.5.1 Number of Neutrons
16.6.1 Number of Electrons
17.2 Radius of an Atom
17.2.1 Atomic Radius
186.00 pm163.00 pm
112
265
17.2.2 Covalent Radius
17.4.2 Van der Waals Radius
17.6 Atomic Weight
251.00 amu231.04 amu
6.94
294
17.8 Atomic Volume
NA15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
17.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
17.10.1 Previous Element
17.10.2 Next Element
17.11 Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)92.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
17.12 Lattice Constant
338.00 pm392.50 pm
228.58
891.25
17.14 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
17.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
18 Mechanical
18.1 Density
18.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm315.37 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
18.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
18.3 Tensile Strength
18.5 Viscosity
18.6 Vapor Pressure
18.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
18.6.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
18.7 Elasticity properties
18.7.1 Shear Modulus
18.7.2 Bulk Modulus
18.7.3 Young's Modulus
18.8 Poisson Ratio
18.9 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
Unknown
19 Magnetic
19.1 Magnetic Characteristics
19.1.1 Specific Gravity
19.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
19.1.3 Permeability
19.1.4 Susceptibility
19.2 Electrical Properties
19.2.1 Electrical Property
19.2.2 Resistivity
19.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
19.2.4 Electron Affinity
20 Thermal
20.1 Specific Heat
20.2 Molar Heat Capacity
20.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.4 Critical Temperature
20.5 Thermal Expansion
20.6 Enthalpy
20.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
20.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
20.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
20.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA198.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1