1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
538503547440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- IUPAC allotted a temporary name to Dubnium metal as “ Unnilpentium”.
- In the production of Dubnium, thermal gradient chromatography is used.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
3.2 Sources
Produced by Bombarding Am243 with Ne22, Synthetically Produced
Found in Minerals, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4.1.1 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.4.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
4.4.6 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Currently known uses of Dubnium metal are limited to research purpose only.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
1.2.1 In Bone
2 Physical
2.1 Melting Point
2.3 Boiling Point
1.3 Appearance
1.3.1 Physical State
1.3.2 Color
1.4.1 Luster
1.6 Hardness
1.6.1 Mohs Hardness
2.2.1 Brinell Hardness
2.8.3 Vickers Hardness
2.11 Speed of Sound
2.12 Optical Properties
2.12.1 Refractive Index
3.4.3 Reflectivity
3.5 Allotropes
3.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4 Chemical
4.1 Chemical Formula
4.2 Isotopes
4.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.5 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.2.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.4.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.7.2 Allen Electronegativity
2.5 Electropositivity
2.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.3 Ionization Energies
3.3.1 1st Energy Level
664.80 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
3.3.7 2nd Energy Level
1,546.70 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
3.4.1 3rd Energy Level
2,378.40 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
4.2.2 4th Energy Level
3,298.80 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.2.2 5th Energy Level
4,305.20 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
6.3.2 6th Energy Level
8.2.2 7th Energy level
8.8.1 8th Energy Level
8.9.5 9th Energy Level
8.10.3 10th Energy Level
8.10.6 11th Energy Level
8.11.2 12th Energy Level
8.11.6 13th Energy Level
8.13.1 14th Energy Level
8.16.2 15th Energy Level
8.20.1 16th Energy Level
8.23.2 17th Energy Level
10.1.2 18th Energy Level
10.2.4 19th Energy Level
10.4.2 20th Energy Level
11.3.3 21st Energy Level
11.3.5 22nd Energy Level
11.4.2 23rd Energy Level
11.5.2 24th Energy Level
11.5.4 25th Energy Level
11.5.8 26th Energy Level
11.5.11 27th Energy Level
11.6.1 28th Energy Level
12.1.2 29th Energy Level
12.1.7 30th Energy Level
12.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
NA1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.5 Electron Work Function
12.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
14.4 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
14.5 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
14.5.1 Crystal Lattice
14.6 Atom
14.6.1 Number of Protons
14.9.1 Number of Neutrons
14.10.2 Number of Electrons
14.12 Radius of an Atom
14.12.1 Atomic Radius
139.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
14.12.7 Covalent Radius
149.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
14.13.1 Van der Waals Radius
14.14 Atomic Weight
268.00 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
14.15 Atomic Volume
NA19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.17 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.17.1 Previous Element
14.17.2 Next Element
14.18 Valence Electron Potential
14.20 Lattice Constant
NA363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
15.2 Lattice Angles
15.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
29.30 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.4.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.5 Tensile Strength
16.6 Viscosity
16.7 Vapor Pressure
16.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.8.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
16.9 Elasticity properties
16.9.1 Shear Modulus
16.10.2 Bulk Modulus
16.10.6 Young's Modulus
16.12 Poisson Ratio
16.13 Other Mechanical Properties
Unknown
Ductile, Malleable
17 Magnetic
17.1 Magnetic Characteristics
17.1.1 Specific Gravity
17.3.1 Magnetic Ordering
17.3.2 Permeability
17.3.5 Susceptibility
17.4 Electrical Properties
17.4.1 Electrical Property
17.4.2 Resistivity
17.5.5 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.1.4 Electron Affinity
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
19.3 Molar Heat Capacity
NA37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
19.4 Thermal Conductivity
20.3 Critical Temperature
20.8 Thermal Expansion
21.3 Enthalpy
21.3.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
21.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.6.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
21.9 Standard Molar Entropy
NA68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1