Fermium

Thorium

Fermium Thorium Comparison

Fermium

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA0

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74407247440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Not Available

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

NA194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
Fermium is synthetically produced metal.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1952

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Unknown

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,527.00 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

NA4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Unknown

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Not Defined

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA3.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1828

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NANA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

627.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,225.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,363.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,792.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.20 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

10090

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹² 7s²

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Not Known

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

10090

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

157142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

10090

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

NA179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

NA206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

245.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

257.00 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

NA19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

NA508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

NA11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NANA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

NA11.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Unknown

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

NA157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NANA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

NA0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

NA11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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