1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.6 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.10 CAS Number
74405867440393
7429905
54386242
1.14 Space Group Name
1.15 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
3.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000001 %
1E-08
0.1
3.8.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.12.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.1.5 Abundance In Oceans
4.3.4 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
-
Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NA0.07 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
6.7.4 In Bone
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C725.00 °C
27
3410
8.7 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C1,140.00 °C
147
5660
9.3 Appearance
9.3.1 Physical State
9.3.2 Color
9.3.3 Luster
9.4 Hardness
9.4.1 Mohs Hardness
9.6.3 Brinell Hardness
10.2.1 Vickers Hardness
11.3 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s1,620.00 m/s
818
16200
11.6 Optical Properties
11.6.1 Refractive Index
12.4.1 Reflectivity
12.7 Allotropes
12.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
13 Chemical
13.1 Chemical Formula
13.2 Isotopes
13.2.1 Known Isotopes
13.9 Electronegativity
13.9.1 Pauling Electronegativity
14.3.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
15.1.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
16.4.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
16.7.2 Allen Electronegativity
16.12 Electropositivity
16.12.1 Pauling Electropositivity
16.16 Ionization Energies
16.16.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol502.90 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
16.22.3 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol965.20 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
17.1.2 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol3,600.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
17.2.3 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
17.4.1 5th Energy Level
17.6.1 6th Energy Level
18.2.2 7th Energy level
19.1.5 8th Energy Level
19.1.9 9th Energy Level
19.3.3 10th Energy Level
19.5.4 11th Energy Level
19.5.8 12th Energy Level
19.6.1 13th Energy Level
21.1.2 14th Energy Level
22.2.1 15th Energy Level
22.3.1 16th Energy Level
22.5.3 17th Energy Level
22.7.1 18th Energy Level
22.9.1 19th Energy Level
22.10.1 20th Energy Level
22.11.2 21st Energy Level
23.2.2 22nd Energy Level
23.3.1 23rd Energy Level
23.3.3 24th Energy Level
23.4.1 25th Energy Level
23.7.2 26th Energy Level
23.8.2 27th Energy Level
23.9.1 28th Energy Level
23.10.1 29th Energy Level
23.10.2 30th Energy Level
23.11 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr2.56 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
23.12 Electron Work Function
23.13 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
24 Atomic
24.1 Atomic Number
24.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 6s2
24.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
24.3.1 Crystal Lattice
24.4 Atom
24.4.1 Number of Protons
24.4.2 Number of Neutrons
24.4.3 Number of Electrons
24.5 Radius of an Atom
24.5.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm222.00 pm
112
265
24.5.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm215.00 pm
96
260
24.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm268.00 pm
139
348
24.6 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu137.33 amu
6.94
294
24.7 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol39.24 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
24.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
24.8.1 Previous Element
24.8.2 Next Element
24.9 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)21.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
24.10 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm502.80 pm
228.58
891.25
24.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
24.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
25 Mechanical
25.1 Density
25.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm33.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
25.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm33.34 g/cm3
0.512
20
25.2 Tensile Strength
25.3 Viscosity
25.4 Vapor Pressure
25.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
25.5 Elasticity properties
25.5.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa4.90 GPa
1.3
222
25.5.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa9.60 GPa
1.6
462
25.5.3 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa13.00 GPa
1.7
528
25.6 Poisson Ratio
25.7 Other Mechanical Properties
26 Magnetic
26.1 Magnetic Characteristics
26.1.1 Specific Gravity
26.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
26.1.3 Permeability
26.1.4 Susceptibility
26.2 Electrical Properties
26.2.1 Electrical Property
26.2.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m332.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
26.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
26.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol13.95 kJ/mol
0
222.8
27 Thermal
27.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.20 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
27.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K28.07 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
27.3 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K18.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
27.4 Critical Temperature
27.5 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)20.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
27.6 Enthalpy
27.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol140.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
27.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol7.66 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
27.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol175.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
27.7 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K62.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1