1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.8 CAS Number
74405867439885
7429905
54386242
1.10 Space Group Name
1.11 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Iridium element occurs as natural alloys of Platinum and Osmium.
- Iridium element is known as the most corrosion resistance metal .
4.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Smithson Tennant
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
4.5.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
4.9.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.9.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.11.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.11.2 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Iridium has an anti corrosion properties and it is used in special alloy with Osmium metal and that alloy is used in pen tips and compass bearings.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
5.2.6 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C2,410.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C4,527.00 °C
147
5660
6.6 Appearance
6.6.1 Physical State
6.6.2 Color
6.6.3 Luster
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
6.9.1 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa1,670.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.10.1 Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa1,760.00 MPa
121
3430
6.11 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s4,825.00 m/s
818
16200
7.2 Optical Properties
7.2.1 Refractive Index
7.2.2 Reflectivity
7.3 Allotropes
7.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.6.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.6.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.7.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.8 Electropositivity
8.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.9 Ionization Energies
8.9.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol880.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.9.3 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,600.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.9.4 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
8.10.1 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
9.1.2 5th Energy Level
9.1.5 6th Energy Level
9.1.7 7th Energy level
9.2.3 8th Energy Level
9.2.4 9th Energy Level
9.2.6 10th Energy Level
9.2.7 11th Energy Level
9.2.9 12th Energy Level
10.1.1 13th Energy Level
10.2.1 14th Energy Level
10.3.1 15th Energy Level
10.3.2 16th Energy Level
10.4.1 17th Energy Level
10.5.1 18th Energy Level
10.5.2 19th Energy Level
10.6.2 20th Energy Level
10.6.3 21st Energy Level
10.6.5 22nd Energy Level
10.6.6 23rd Energy Level
10.6.8 24th Energy Level
10.6.9 25th Energy Level
10.7.1 26th Energy Level
10.7.2 27th Energy Level
10.7.3 28th Energy Level
10.7.4 29th Energy Level
10.7.5 30th Energy Level
10.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr1.14 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.9 Electron Work Function
10.10 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
11.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.4.2 Number of Neutrons
11.4.3 Number of Electrons
11.5 Radius of an Atom
11.5.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm136.00 pm
112
265
11.5.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm141.00 pm
96
260
11.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm202.00 pm
139
348
11.6 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu192.22 amu
6.94
294
11.7 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol9.53 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.8.1 Previous Element
11.8.2 Next Element
11.9 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)140.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.10 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm383.90 pm
228.58
891.25
11.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm322.56 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm319.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.2 Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa2,000.00 MPa
2.5
11000
12.3 Viscosity
12.4 Vapor Pressure
12.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
12.5 Elasticity properties
12.5.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa210.00 GPa
1.3
222
12.5.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa320.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.5.3 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa528.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.6 Poisson Ratio
12.7 Other Mechanical Properties
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
13.1.3 Permeability
13.1.4 Susceptibility
13.2 Electrical Properties
13.2.1 Electrical Property
13.2.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m47.10 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.19 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol151.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K25.10 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
14.3 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K147.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
14.4 Critical Temperature
14.5 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
14.6 Enthalpy
14.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol799.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
14.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol35.23 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
14.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol837.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
14.7 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K35.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1