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Hafnium
Hafnium

Praseodymium
Praseodymium



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Hafnium
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Hafnium vs Praseodymium

1 Periodic Table
2.1 Symbol
Hf
Pr
2.3 Group Number
4NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.6 Block
d block
f block
1.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.8 CAS Number
74405867440100
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
2.7 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
3.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Not Available
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1922
In 1885
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
4.5.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
4.6.4 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
4.6.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
4.6.10 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
5.1.2 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Moderately Toxic
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
NANA
Plutonium
0 1970
7.1.1 In Bone
NANA
Plutonium
0 170000
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C935.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
8.4 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C3,130.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
8.7 Appearance
8.7.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
8.7.2 Color
Gray
Grayish White
8.7.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
8.8 Hardness
8.8.1 Mohs Hardness
5.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
8.9.2 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa481.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
8.10.1 Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa400.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
9.2 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s2,280.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
9.5 Optical Properties
9.5.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
10.3.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
10.5 Allotropes
10.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11 Chemical
11.1 Chemical Formula
Hf
Pr
11.2 Isotopes
11.2.1 Known Isotopes
3231
Tennessine
0 38
11.3 Electronegativity
11.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.13
Francium
0.7 2.54
11.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
11.3.7 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.231.07
Cesium
0.86 1.82
11.3.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
11.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
1.16NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
11.7 Electropositivity
11.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.87
Gold
1.46 3.3
11.9 Ionization Energies
11.9.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol527.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
11.9.4 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,020.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
11.9.7 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,086.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
11.9.9 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol3,761.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
11.9.12 5th Energy Level
NA5,551.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
11.9.15 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
11.9.18 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
11.9.22 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
11.9.24 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
11.9.26 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
11.9.30 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
11.9.32 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
11.9.35 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
11.9.38 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
11.9.42 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
11.9.45 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
11.9.47 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
11.9.50 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
11.9.53 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
11.9.55 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
11.9.58 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
11.9.61 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
11.9.63 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
11.9.66 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
11.9.68 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
11.9.71 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
11.9.74 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
11.9.77 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
11.10.2 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
11.10.3 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
11.12 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr1.75 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
12.2 Electron Work Function
3.90 eV2.70 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
12.6 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
7259
Lithium
3 117
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
13.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
7259
Lithium
3 117
13.4.5 Number of Neutrons
10682
Lithium
4 184
13.6.1 Number of Electrons
7259
Lithium
3 117
13.8 Radius of an Atom
13.8.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm182.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
13.9.1 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm203.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
14.1.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm239.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
14.3 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu140.91 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
14.9 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol20.80 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
14.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.11.1 Previous Element
14.11.2 Next Element
14.12 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)42.64 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
14.15 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm367.25 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
15.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
15.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.61
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
16.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm36.50 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
16.5 Tensile Strength
445.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
16.7 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
16.8 Vapor Pressure
16.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
16.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)13.20 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
16.11 Elasticity properties
16.11.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa14.80 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
16.13.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa28.80 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
16.15.1 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa37.30 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
17.4 Poisson Ratio
0.370.28
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
18.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
19 Magnetic
19.1 Magnetic Characteristics
19.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.316.77
Lithium
0.53 4500
19.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
19.2.4 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
19.2.6 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
19.3 Electrical Properties
19.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
19.3.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m0.70 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
19.5.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
20.2.2 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
21 Thermal
21.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
21.4 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
21.6 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K12.50 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
21.9 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
21.10 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)6.70 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
21.12 Enthalpy
21.12.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol296.80 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
22.1.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol6.89 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
22.2.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol368.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
22.3 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K73.20 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1