1 Periodic Table
2.1 Symbol
2.3 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.8 CAS Number
74405867440100
7429905
54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
2.7 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
3.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Not Available
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
4.5.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.6.4 Abundance In Meteorites
4.6.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.6.10 Abundance In Oceans
5.1.2 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
-
This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
7.1.1 In Bone
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C935.00 °C
27
3410
8.4 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C3,130.00 °C
147
5660
8.7 Appearance
8.7.1 Physical State
8.7.2 Color
8.7.3 Luster
8.8 Hardness
8.8.1 Mohs Hardness
8.9.2 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa481.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.10.1 Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa400.00 MPa
121
3430
9.2 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s2,280.00 m/s
818
16200
9.5 Optical Properties
9.5.1 Refractive Index
10.3.2 Reflectivity
10.5 Allotropes
10.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
11 Chemical
11.1 Chemical Formula
11.2 Isotopes
11.2.1 Known Isotopes
11.3 Electronegativity
11.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
11.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
11.3.7 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
11.3.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
11.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
11.7 Electropositivity
11.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.9 Ionization Energies
11.9.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol527.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.9.4 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,020.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.9.7 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,086.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
11.9.9 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol3,761.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
11.9.12 5th Energy Level
NA5,551.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
11.9.15 6th Energy Level
11.9.18 7th Energy level
11.9.22 8th Energy Level
11.9.24 9th Energy Level
11.9.26 10th Energy Level
11.9.30 11th Energy Level
11.9.32 12th Energy Level
11.9.35 13th Energy Level
11.9.38 14th Energy Level
11.9.42 15th Energy Level
11.9.45 16th Energy Level
11.9.47 17th Energy Level
11.9.50 18th Energy Level
11.9.53 19th Energy Level
11.9.55 20th Energy Level
11.9.58 21st Energy Level
11.9.61 22nd Energy Level
11.9.63 23rd Energy Level
11.9.66 24th Energy Level
11.9.68 25th Energy Level
11.9.71 26th Energy Level
11.9.74 27th Energy Level
11.9.77 28th Energy Level
11.10.2 29th Energy Level
11.10.3 30th Energy Level
11.12 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr1.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.2 Electron Work Function
12.6 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
13.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
13.4.5 Number of Neutrons
13.6.1 Number of Electrons
13.8 Radius of an Atom
13.8.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm182.00 pm
112
265
13.9.1 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm203.00 pm
96
260
14.1.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm239.00 pm
139
348
14.3 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu140.91 amu
6.94
294
14.9 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol20.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.11.1 Previous Element
14.11.2 Next Element
14.12 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)42.64 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.15 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm367.25 pm
228.58
891.25
15.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
15.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm36.50 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.5 Tensile Strength
16.7 Viscosity
16.8 Vapor Pressure
16.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)13.20 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
16.11 Elasticity properties
16.11.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa14.80 GPa
1.3
222
16.13.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa28.80 GPa
1.6
462
16.15.1 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa37.30 GPa
1.7
528
17.4 Poisson Ratio
18.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
19 Magnetic
19.1 Magnetic Characteristics
19.1.1 Specific Gravity
19.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
19.2.4 Permeability
19.2.6 Susceptibility
19.3 Electrical Properties
19.3.1 Electrical Property
19.3.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m0.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
19.5.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
20.2.2 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
21 Thermal
21.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
21.4 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
21.6 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K12.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
21.9 Critical Temperature
21.10 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)6.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
21.12 Enthalpy
21.12.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol296.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
22.1.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol6.89 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
22.2.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol368.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
22.3 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K73.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1