Symbol
Hf
-
Group Number
41
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
63
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
74405867440235
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1922
In 1807
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.55 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %2.30 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %1.10 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.14 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-31,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.10,000.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C97.72 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C883.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.500.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa0.69 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa0.69 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s3,200.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.001.33
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
71.00 %53.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Hf
-
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3217
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.300.93
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.300.56
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.231.01
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.300.91
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.160.87
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.703.07
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol4,562.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol6,910.30 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol9,543.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol13,354.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol16,613.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol20,117.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol25,496.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol28,932.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol141,362.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol159,076.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol49,500.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol49,500.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol4,960.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol496.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol495.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol496.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol495.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr0.86 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV2.75 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
7211
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Ne] 3s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
7211
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
10612
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
7211
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm186.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm166.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm227.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu22.99 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol23.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)14.10 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm429.06 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.01
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm30.97 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm30.93 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa10.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa3.30 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa6.30 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa10.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.370.37
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.310.97
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m47.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.21 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol52.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)1.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K28.23 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K142.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K2,573.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)71.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol89.04 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol2.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol108.40 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K51.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻