1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74405867440246
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
William Cruickshank
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %4 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.2.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000005 %
1E-08
0.1
3.2.6 Abundance In Meteorites
4.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.2.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.2.2 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
NA0.03 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.5 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C769.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C1,384.00 °C
147
5660
6.5 Appearance
6.5.1 Physical State
6.5.2 Color
6.5.3 Luster
6.6 Hardness
6.6.1 Mohs Hardness
6.6.3 Brinell Hardness
7.2.2 Vickers Hardness
7.4 Speed of Sound
7.5 Optical Properties
7.5.1 Refractive Index
7.5.3 Reflectivity
7.6 Allotropes
7.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.6 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol549.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.7.3 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,064.20 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.5 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol4,138.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.7.7 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol5,500.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.7.9 5th Energy Level
NA6,910.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.7.11 6th Energy Level
NA8,760.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.7.13 7th Energy level
NA10,230.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.7.15 8th Energy Level
NA11,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
8.7.17 9th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
8.7.18 10th Energy Level
NA17,100.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
8.7.20 11th Energy Level
NA31,270.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.7.22 12th Energy Level
8.7.24 13th Energy Level
8.7.26 14th Energy Level
8.7.29 15th Energy Level
8.7.31 16th Energy Level
8.7.33 17th Energy Level
8.7.35 18th Energy Level
8.7.37 19th Energy Level
8.7.39 20th Energy Level
8.7.41 21st Energy Level
8.7.43 22nd Energy Level
8.7.45 23rd Energy Level
8.7.47 24th Energy Level
8.7.49 25th Energy Level
8.7.51 26th Energy Level
8.7.52 27th Energy Level
8.8.1 28th Energy Level
8.8.2 29th Energy Level
8.9.1 30th Energy Level
9.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr1.64 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.6 Electron Work Function
9.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 5s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.5.2 Number of Electrons
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm215.00 pm
112
265
10.7.1 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm195.00 pm
96
260
10.7.2 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm249.00 pm
139
348
10.9 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu87.62 amu
6.94
294
10.12 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol33.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.14.1 Previous Element
10.14.2 Next Element
10.15 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)25.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.18 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm608.49 pm
228.58
891.25
11.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm32.64 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.4 Tensile Strength
12.6 Viscosity
12.7 Vapor Pressure
12.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA121.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
12.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.9 Elasticity properties
12.9.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa6.03 GPa
1.3
222
12.9.3 Bulk Modulus
12.9.5 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa15.70 GPa
1.7
528
12.11 Poisson Ratio
13.2 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.5 Permeability
14.1.7 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m132.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.3.5 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol5.03 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.30 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.4 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K35.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.6 Critical Temperature
16.8 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)22.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.10 Enthalpy
16.10.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.11.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol9.16 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.11.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol163.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.12 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K55.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1