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Ruthenium vs Californium

Ruthenium
Californium
Californium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Cf   
Group Number
8   
10
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
153   
9
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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