Yttrium vs Polonium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Po
Group Number
3
15
16
2
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440086
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
221.00
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In 1794
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
254.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
962.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.76
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.48
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
2.19
2
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
812.10 kJ/mol
14
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
84
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
84
32
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
39
99+
84
32
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
168.00 pm
23
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
140.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
197.00 pm
29
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
209.00 amu
28
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
22.23 cm3/mol
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
Not Available
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
335.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
9.20 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
9.40 g/cm3
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
Not Available
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
183.30 kJ/mol
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
26.40 J/mol·K
28
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
20.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
13.00 kJ/mol
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
Not Available
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