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Yttrium vs Polonium

Yttrium
Polonium
Polonium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440655  
25
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1794  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C  
27
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C  
22
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa  
26
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa  
29
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s  
34
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Y  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22  
39
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65  
99+
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.22  
38
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78  
16
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
39  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
39  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)  
31
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm  
34
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
39
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa  
22
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
18
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa  
37
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa  
35
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa  
34
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
26
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K  
31
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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