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Polonium vs Hafnium

Polonium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Hf  
Group Number
16  
2
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
106  
30
Number of Electrons
84  
32
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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