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Polonium vs Livermorium

Polonium
Livermorium
Livermorium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Lv  
Group Number
16  
2
16  
2
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Probably Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
54100719  
3
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
-  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Livermorium was first synthesized in 2000 by a joint Russian-American research team.  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 2000  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
-  
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Currently known uses of Livermorium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.50 p.p.m.  
22
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
-  
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
3,500.00 °C  
18
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
-  
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
350.00 MPa  
36
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,600.00 m/s  
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
66.00 %  
17
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Lv  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
5  
32
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.90  
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.90  
13
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.90  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
723.60 kJ/mol  
28
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,331.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,846.30 kJ/mol  
35
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
3,811.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,078.60 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
38
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
34
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
31
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
30
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
1,168.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
70,900.00 kJ/mol  
26
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
23
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
32
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
1,169.70 kJ/mol  
13
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
870.00 kJ/mol  
15
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
709.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
370.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
548.90 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
709.00 kJ/mol  
27
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
709.00 kJ/mol  
26
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
709.00 kJ/mol  
26
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
709.00 kJ/mol  
31
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
709.00 kJ/mol  
32
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
709.00 kJ/mol  
26
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
116  
2
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Livermorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
116  
2
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
160  
5
Number of Electrons
84  
32
116  
2
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
183.00 pm  
22
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
293.00 amu  
2
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
22.90 cm3/mol  
16
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Moscovium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
No Next Element  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
362.15 pm  
36
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
12.90 g/cm3  
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
12.90 g/cm3  
30
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
28.50 GPa  
30
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
12.50 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
12.00  
34
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
0.50 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
9.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
722.00 kJ/mol  
3
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
380.50 kJ/mol  
32
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
50.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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