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What is Thallium?
Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Group Number
13 5
Period Number
6 2
Block
p block
Element Family
Post-​Transition
CAS Number
7440280 52
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00 7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 % 33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 % 26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 % 41
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 % 42
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 % 34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 % 24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3 37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m. 38
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C 69
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C 62
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Luster
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20 21
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa 65
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa 61
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s 72
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.90 18
Reflectivity
8.00 % 37
Allotropes
No
α Allotropes
-
β Allotropes
-
γ Allotropes
-
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32 7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62 22
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25 6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44 18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96 11
Allen Electronegativity
1.79 16
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38 33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 58
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol 14
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol 32
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 17
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 51
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 64
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 56
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 54
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 52
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 54
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 59
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 62
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 48
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 37
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol 49
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol 38
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 59
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol 51
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 57
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol 54
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 67
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol 49
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 66
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 50
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 52
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 53
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 53
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 57
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 58
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol 56
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr 2
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV 39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic
Atomic Number
81 35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81 35
Number of Neutrons
123 21
Number of Electrons
81 35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm 24
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm 41
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm 37
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu 31
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol 45
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
8
Next Element
18
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV) 68
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm 50
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60 23
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3 33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3 33
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa 39
Viscosity
0.00 22
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa) 5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa) 38
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa 64
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa 33
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa 69
Poisson Ratio
0.45 2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85 35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m 17
Susceptibility
0.00 28
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m 90
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω 37
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol 38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K) 40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K 37
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K 33
Critical Temperature
577.00 K 70
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K) 12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol 66
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol 61
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol 60
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K 20
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