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What is Lead?
Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Group Number
14 4
Period Number
6 2
Block
p block
Element Family
Post-​Transition
CAS Number
7439921 86
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00 3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
-
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 % 17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 % 18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 % 23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 % 26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 % 22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 % 9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3 11
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m. 10
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C 67
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C 55
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Color
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50 19
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa 64
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa 66
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s 70
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.02 14
Reflectivity
5.00 % 39
Allotropes
No
α Allotropes
-
β Allotropes
-
γ Allotropes
-
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35 4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87 14
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29 4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55 12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41 2
Allen Electronegativity
1.85 11
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67 52
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 31
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol 44
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol 23
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol 45
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol 32
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol 41
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol 36
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol 32
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol 30
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol 34
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol 33
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol 51
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol 28
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 79
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol 24
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol 19
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 40
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol 30
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 37
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol 31
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 49
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol 25
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 50
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 24
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol 25
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 24
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 23
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 29
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol 30
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol 24
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr 9
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV 28
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic
Atomic Number
82 34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82 34
Number of Neutrons
125 20
Number of Electrons
82 34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm 21
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm 40
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm 34
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu 30
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol 39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
46
Next Element
23
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV) 60
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm 18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51 47
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3 35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3 36
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa 49
Viscosity
0.00 29
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa) 7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa) 30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa 59
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa 28
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa 53
Poisson Ratio
0.44 3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35 38
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m 12
Susceptibility
0.00 30
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m 16
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω 41
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol 33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K) 40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K 34
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K 39
Critical Temperature
600.61 K 68
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K) 13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol 64
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol 60
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol 57
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K 18
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