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Bismuth vs Thallium

Bismuth
Thallium
Thallium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi   
Tl   
Group Number
15   
3
13   
5
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440699   
22
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
12.00   
12
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1753   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %   
14
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25   
15
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa   
99+
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33   
6
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02   
6
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34   
3
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67   
6
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15   
4
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.01   
4
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98   
99+
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83   
33
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83   
33
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
126   
18
123   
20
Number of Electrons
83   
33
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm   
29
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm   
36
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm   
26
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu   
29
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm   
2
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3   
39
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3   
18
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa   
99+
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa   
38
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa   
99+
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.33   
11
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79   
30
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
6
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
6
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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