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Bismuth vs Thallium

Bismuth
Thallium
Thallium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi  
Tl  
Group Number
15  
3
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440699  
22
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
12.00  
15
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1753  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
271.30 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bi  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02  
7
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34  
3
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67  
7
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15  
8
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
2.01  
5
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98  
99+
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
83  
33
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83  
33
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
126  
19
123  
21
Number of Electrons
83  
33
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm  
31
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm  
38
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm  
33
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu  
29
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm  
2
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa  
99+
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
20
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
36
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
544.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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