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Thallium vs Polonium

Thallium
Polonium
Polonium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Po   
Group Number
13   
5
16   
2
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
125   
19
Number of Electrons
81   
35
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
Not Available   
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