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Thallium Polonium Comparison


Polonium Thallium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tl   
Po   

Group Number
13   
5
16   
2

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
p block   
p block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   

CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440086   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   

Discovery
In 1861   
In 1898   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
99+

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
36

Physical Properties

Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
962.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silver   

Luster
NA   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
Yes   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tl   
Po   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.00   
7

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.76   
2

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
2.48   
1

Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
2.19   
2

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.00   
99+

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14

2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   

3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   

Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8

Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
81   
35
84   
32

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
81   
35
84   
32

Number of Neutrons
123   
20
125   
19

Number of Electrons
81   
35
84   
32

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
168.00 pm   
23

Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
140.00 pm   
99+

Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
197.00 pm   
29

Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
209.00 amu   
28

Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
22.23 cm3/mol   
13

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Mercury
  
Bismuth
  

Next Element
Lead
  
Francium
  

Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   

Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
335.90 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
9.20 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
9.40 g/cm3   
19

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   

Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
9.32   
31

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
183.30 kJ/mol   
3

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40

Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.40 J/mol·K   
28

Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
20.00 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
13.00 kJ/mol   
26

Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
Not Available   

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