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Polonium vs Thallium

Polonium
Thallium
Thallium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Tl   
Group Number
16   
2
13   
5
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
123   
20
Number of Electrons
84   
32
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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