Bismuth Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi
Tl
Group Number
15
3
13
5
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440699
22
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
12.00
12
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1753
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %
14
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.
22
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.25
15
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa
99+
26.50 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s
99+
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
33
6
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02
6
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34
3
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67
6
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15
4
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.01
4
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98
99+
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol
35
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
Not Available
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83
33
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
83
33
81
35
Number of Neutrons
126
18
123
20
Number of Electrons
83
33
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm
29
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm
36
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm
26
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu
29
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol
14
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)
99+
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm
2
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3
39
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3
18
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa
99+
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa
38
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa
99+
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.33
11
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.79
30
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
6
Not Available
Susceptibility
0.00
6
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol
11
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K
99+
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol
33
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K
24
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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