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Thallium vs Bismuth

Thallium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Bi   
Group Number
13   
5
15   
3
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440699   
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
C12/m1   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
12.00   
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Claude François Geoffroy   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1753   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000006 %   
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
271.30 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
1,560.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
2.25   
15
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
70.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Bi   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
33   
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.02   
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
2.34   
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.67   
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
2.15   
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
2.01   
4
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.98   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
83   
33
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
83   
33
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
126   
18
Number of Electrons
81   
35
83   
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
156.00 pm   
29
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
148.00 pm   
36
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
207.00 pm   
26
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
208.98 amu   
29
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
667.40 pm   
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
9.78 g/cm3   
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
10.05 g/cm3   
18
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
12.00 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
31.00 GPa   
38
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
32.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.33   
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
9.79   
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
6
Susceptibility
Not Available   
0.00   
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
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