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Bismuth vs Polonium

Bismuth
Polonium
Polonium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi  
Po  
Group Number
15  
3
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440699  
22
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
12.00  
15
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1753  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
14
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
271.30 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bi  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02  
7
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34  
3
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67  
7
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15  
8
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
2.01  
5
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
83  
33
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83  
33
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
126  
19
125  
20
Number of Electrons
83  
33
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm  
31
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm  
38
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm  
33
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu  
29
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm  
2
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
20
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
36
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
544.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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