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Thallium vs Lead

Thallium
Lead
Lead vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Pb   
Group Number
13   
5
14   
4
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1861   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
38.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
125   
19
Number of Electrons
81   
35
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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