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Thallium Lead Comparison

Thallium
Lead
Lead Thallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Pb  
Group Number
13  
5
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
125  
20
Number of Electrons
81  
35
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
Summary >>
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