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Gallium vs Bismuth

Gallium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Bi  
Group Number
13  
5
15  
3
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
Cmca  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
64.00  
9
12.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %  
16
~0.000006 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
Not Available  
0.20 p.p.m.  
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
18
2.25  
15
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
31
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
15
2.02  
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
1
1.67  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
5
2.15  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
14
2.01  
4
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
39
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
8
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
23
4.22 eV  
22
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31  
99+
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
126  
18
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
156.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
148.00 pm  
36
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
32
207.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
21.30 cm3/mol  
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
18
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
NA  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
9.78 g/cm3  
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
10.05 g/cm3  
18
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available  
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available  
31.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
9.79  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
Not Available  
0.00 H/m  
6
Susceptibility
Not Available  
0.00  
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
29
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
31
91.20 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
35
25.52 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
24
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
36
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
10.90 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
39
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
38
56.70 J/mol.K  
24
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