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Gallium vs Lead

Gallium
Lead
Lead vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Pb   
Group Number
13   
5
14   
4
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1875   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
Not Available   
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
38.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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