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Hafnium vs Thallium

Hafnium
Thallium
Thallium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Tl  
Group Number
4  
14
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
123  
21
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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