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Thallium vs Hafnium

Thallium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Hf   
Group Number
13   
5
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
106   
29
Number of Electrons
81   
35
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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