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Thallium vs Hafnium

Thallium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Hf  
Group Number
13  
5
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
106  
30
Number of Electrons
81  
35
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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