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Hafnium vs Livermorium

Hafnium
Livermorium
Livermorium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Lv  
Group Number
4  
14
16  
2
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Probably Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
54100719  
3
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Livermorium was first synthesized in 2000 by a joint Russian-American research team.  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 2000  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Currently known uses of Livermorium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.50 p.p.m.  
22
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
-  
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
3,500.00 °C  
18
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
-  
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
350.00 MPa  
36
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
4,600.00 m/s  
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
66.00 %  
17
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Lv  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
5  
32
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.90  
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.90  
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.90  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
723.60 kJ/mol  
28
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,331.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,846.30 kJ/mol  
35
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,811.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,078.60 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
38
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
34
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
31
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
6,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
30
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,168.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
70,900.00 kJ/mol  
26
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
23
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,090.00 kJ/mol  
32
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,169.70 kJ/mol  
13
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
870.00 kJ/mol  
15
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
709.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
370.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
548.90 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
709.00 kJ/mol  
27
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
709.00 kJ/mol  
26
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
709.00 kJ/mol  
26
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
709.00 kJ/mol  
31
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
709.00 kJ/mol  
32
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
709.00 kJ/mol  
26
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
116  
2
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Livermorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
116  
2
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
160  
5
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
116  
2
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
183.00 pm  
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
293.00 amu  
2
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
22.90 cm3/mol  
16
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Moscovium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
No Next Element  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
362.15 pm  
36
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
12.90 g/cm3  
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
12.90 g/cm3  
30
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
28.50 GPa  
30
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
12.50 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
12.00  
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
0.50 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
722.00 kJ/mol  
3
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
380.50 kJ/mol  
32
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
50.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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