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Hafnium vs Polonium

Hafnium
Polonium
Polonium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Po  
Group Number
4  
14
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
125  
20
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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