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Polonium vs Niobium

Polonium
Niobium
Niobium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Nb  
Group Number
16  
2
5  
13
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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