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Niobium vs Thallium

Niobium
Thallium
Thallium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Tl  
Group Number
5  
13
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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