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Thallium vs Niobium

Thallium
Niobium
Niobium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Nb   
Group Number
13   
5
5   
13
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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