Niobium vs Polonium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Po
Group Number
5
13
16
2
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440086
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
221.00
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In 1801
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
254.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
962.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.76
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.48
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
2.19
2
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
812.10 kJ/mol
14
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
84
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
84
32
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
41
99+
84
32
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
168.00 pm
23
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
140.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
197.00 pm
29
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
209.00 amu
28
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
22.23 cm3/mol
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
Not Available
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
335.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
9.20 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
9.40 g/cm3
19
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
Not Available
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
183.30 kJ/mol
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
26.40 J/mol·K
28
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
20.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
13.00 kJ/mol
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
Not Available
|
||
|
||
|
