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Niobium vs Polonium

Niobium
Polonium
Polonium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Po   
Group Number
5   
13
16   
2
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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