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Niobium Polonium Comparison

Niobium
Polonium
Polonium Niobium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Po  
Group Number
5  
13
16  
2
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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