Copper vs Polonium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu
Po
Group Number
11
7
16
2
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440508
37
7440086
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
221.00
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %
12
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %
12
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
13
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
17
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
9
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.
12
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C
40
254.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C
99+
962.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa
38
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa
28
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
90.00 %
3
Not Available
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90
11
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.76
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49
14
2.48
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
9
2.19
2
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10
99+
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol
22
812.10 kJ/mol
14
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV
11
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29
99+
84
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
29
99+
84
32
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
29
99+
84
32
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
168.00 pm
23
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
140.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm
99+
197.00 pm
29
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu
99+
209.00 amu
28
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
22.23 cm3/mol
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)
99+
Not Available
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm
35
335.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3
99+
9.20 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3
27
9.40 g/cm3
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)
8
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa
15
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa
12
Not Available
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa
17
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.89
34
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Not Available
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
183.30 kJ/mol
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
26.40 J/mol·K
28
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K
2
20.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol
33
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
13.00 kJ/mol
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol
29
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
Not Available
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