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Copper vs Polonium

Copper
Polonium
Polonium vs Copper


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Po  
Group Number
11  
7
16  
2
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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