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Polonium vs Copper

Polonium
Copper
Copper vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Cu  
Group Number
16  
2
11  
7
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
-  
Discovery
In 1898  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Copper  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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