Vanadium vs Rhodium
Periodic Table
Symbol
V
Rh
Group Number
5
13
9
9
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440622
27
7440166
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1801
In 1804
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %
10
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %
13
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
14
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
31
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
13
1,966.00 °C
12
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C
20
3,727.00 °C
17
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Blue-Silver Grey
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.70
4
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa
20
980.00 MPa
9
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa
17
1,100.00 MPa
9
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s
17
4,700.00 m/s
15
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
61.00 %
14
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V
Rh
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
22
17
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63
20
2.28
3
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39
17
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45
16
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.53
26
1.56
24
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37
34
1.72
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
719.70 kJ/mol
29
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
Not Available
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
Not Available
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23
99+
45
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
23
99+
45
99+
Number of Neutrons
28
99+
58
99+
Number of Electrons
23
99+
45
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm
33
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu
99+
102.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)
6
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm
99+
380.34 pm
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3
99+
12.41 g/cm3
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3
99+
10.70 g/cm3
14
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa
6
951.00 MPa
5
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)
16
0.02 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa
16
150.00 GPa
6
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa
11
275.00 GPa
5
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa
15
380.00 GPa
5
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.26
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.96
99+
12.41
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m
19
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol
20
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K
39
150.00 W/m·K
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol
14
495.40 kJ/mol
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
14
21.76 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol
13
556.50 kJ/mol
12
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
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