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Vanadium vs Rhodium

Vanadium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Rh  
Group Number
5  
13
9  
9
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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