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Americium vs Berkelium

Americium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Bk  
Group Number
10  
8
14  
4
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
150  
12
Number of Electrons
95  
23
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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