Symbol
Am
Fm
Group Number
103
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
77
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
CAS Number
74403597440724
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
-
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
- Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
- Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
- Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons
History
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Discovery
In 1944
In 1952
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
--
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %-
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
-
In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
- Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Industrial Uses
-
-
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
-
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
-
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
994.00 °C1,527.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C0.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
-
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.006.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa500.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa600.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s2,500.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.301.30
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
64.00 %59.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Am
Fm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
1618
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.30
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.301.30
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.201.20
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.301.30
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.301.30
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.70
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol1,225.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol2,363.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol3,792.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol7,040.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol62,700.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol62,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol62,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol994.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol627.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol345.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol6,270.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.60 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.60 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.60 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol627.60 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr3.20 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV4.47 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
95100
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2
[Rn] 5f12 7s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Not Known
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
95100
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
148157
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
95100
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm180.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm180.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm245.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu257.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol18.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)0.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm350.00 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
-
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.63
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm39.70 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm39.70 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa0.10 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa50.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa0.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.300.35
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.679.70
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
-
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
-
-
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m7.90 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.00 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)0.10 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K27.00 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K0.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K1,323.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol319.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol13.30 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol-
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K50.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻