Berkelium

Cobalt

Berkelium vs Cobalt

Berkelium

Cobalt

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

NA9

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.5 Block

f block

d block

1.6 Element Family

Actinide

Transition Metal

1.7 CAS Number

74404067440484

7429905 54386242

1.11 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.12 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.

Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Georg Brandt

2.4.1 Discovery

In 1949

In 1732

2.5 Abundance

2.5.1 Abundance In Universe

NA3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.6.1 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

3.4.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.4.3 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.4.5 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Unknown

Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.2.5 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

986.00 °C1,495.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

2,627.00 °C2,870.00 °C

147 5660

5.3 Appearance

5.3.1 Physical State

Solid

5.3.2 Color

Silver

Gray

5.3.3 Luster

Metallic

5.4 Hardness

5.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA5.00

0.2 8.5

5.4.3 Brinell Hardness

NA470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.4.4 Vickers Hardness

NA1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

5.5 Speed of Sound

NA4,720.00 m/s

818 16200

6.2 Optical Properties

6.2.2 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

6.3.4 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

6.4 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.4.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-Cobalt

6.4.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-Cobalt

6.4.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

1426

0 38

7.3 Electronegativity

7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.88

0.7 2.54

8.1.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA2.56

0.22 2.56

8.1.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.70

0.86 1.82

8.2.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

1.1.1 Allen Electronegativity

2.701.84

0.659 2.7

1.2 Electropositivity

1.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.12

1.46 3.3

1.3 Ionization Energies

1.3.1 1st Energy Level

601.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

1.4.1 2nd Energy Level

1,186.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

1.5.1 3rd Energy Level

2,152.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

1.7.2 4th Energy Level

3,434.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

1.8.1 5th Energy Level

NA7,670.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

2.2.2 6th Energy Level

NA9,840.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

2.4.2 7th Energy level

NA12,440.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

2.4.3 8th Energy Level

NA15,230.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

2.5.1 9th Energy Level

NA17,959.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

2.5.3 10th Energy Level

NA26,570.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

2.5.5 11th Energy Level

NA29,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

2.6.3 12th Energy Level

NA32,400.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

2.6.4 13th Energy Level

NA36,600.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

2.7.2 14th Energy Level

NA39,700.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

2.8.3 15th Energy Level

NA42,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

2.8.5 16th Energy Level

NA49,396.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

2.8.7 17th Energy Level

NA52,737.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

2.8.9 18th Energy Level

NA134,810.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

2.8.11 19th Energy Level

NA145,170.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

2.8.13 20th Energy Level

NA154,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

2.8.15 21st Energy Level

NA167,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

2.9.1 22nd Energy Level

NA178,100.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

2.9.3 23rd Energy Level

NA189,300.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

2.9.5 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

2.9.6 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

2.9.8 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

2.9.10 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

2.9.11 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

2.9.13 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

2.9.15 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

2.10 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.07 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

2.11 Electron Work Function

NA5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

2.12 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Chemical Stability, Ionization

3 Atomic

3.1 Atomic Number

9722

3 117

3.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f⁹ 7s²

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

3.3 Crystal Structure

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

3.3.1 Crystal Lattice

3.4 Atom

3.4.1 Number of Protons

9722

3 117

3.4.3 Number of Neutrons

15026

4 184

3.4.6 Number of Electrons

9722

3 117

3.5 Radius of an Atom

3.5.1 Atomic Radius

170.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

3.5.3 Covalent Radius

NA160.00 pm

96 260

3.5.5 Van der Waals Radius

NA200.00 pm

139 348

3.6 Atomic Weight

247.00 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

3.7 Atomic Volume

NA10.64 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

3.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

3.8.1 Previous Element

3.8.2 Next Element

3.9 Valence Electron Potential

45.50 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

3.10 Lattice Constant

341.60 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

3.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

3.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

4 Mechanical

4.1 Density

4.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

14.78 g/cm³4.51 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

4.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

13.25 g/cm34.11 g/cm3

0.512 20

4.4 Tensile Strength

NA434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

5.2 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

5.6 Vapor Pressure

5.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

5.6.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

5.8 Elasticity properties

5.8.1 Shear Modulus

NA44.00 GPa

1.3 222

5.8.4 Bulk Modulus

NA110.00 GPa

1.6 462

5.10.1 Young's Modulus

NA116.00 GPa

1.7 528

5.14 Poisson Ratio

NA0.32

0.032 0.47

6.2 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

7 Magnetic

7.1 Magnetic Characteristics

7.1.1 Specific Gravity

14.004,500.00

0.53 4500

7.1.3 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

7.1.4 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

7.3.1 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

7.5 Electrical Properties

7.5.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Poor Conductor

7.5.2 Resistivity

NA420.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

7.6.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

7.7.1 Electron Affinity

NA7.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

NA0.52 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.3 Molar Heat Capacity

NA25.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.4 Thermal Conductivity

10.00 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

10.2 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

10.5 Thermal Expansion

NA8.60 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

10.8 Enthalpy

10.8.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

10.9.3 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

10.9.5 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

10.11 Standard Molar Entropy

NA27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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