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Berkelium vs Fermium

Berkelium
Fermium
Fermium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Fm  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
157  
8
Number of Electrons
97  
21
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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