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Berkelium vs Lawrencium

Berkelium
Lawrencium
Lawrencium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Lr  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
22537195  
15
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1961–1971  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,627.00 °C  
20
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
-  
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Lr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
10  
28
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
103  
15
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
103  
15
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
157  
8
Number of Electrons
97  
21
103  
15
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
162.00 pm  
31
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
266.00 amu  
12
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Nobelium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Rutherfordium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
530.00 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
15.00 g/cm3  
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
15.60 g/cm3  
20
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
15.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
210.00 GPa  
10
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
15.60  
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
23
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
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