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Lawrencium vs Berkelium

Lawrencium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Lawrencium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lr  
Bk  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
22537195  
15
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1961–1971  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,627.00 °C  
20
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
500.00 MPa  
35
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Lr  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
103  
15
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
103  
15
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
150  
12
Number of Electrons
103  
15
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
162.00 pm  
31
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
246.00 pm  
12
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
266.00 amu  
12
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nobelium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Rutherfordium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
530.00 pm  
14
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.00 g/cm3  
22
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.60 g/cm3  
20
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
15.00 GPa  
99+
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
210.00 GPa  
10
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.60  
22
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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